Pharm. D. Syllabus (Hamdard University) : Pharm. D. 2nd Prof. 1st Semester

Pharm. D. Second Professional

First Semester

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Physical/Inorganic Chemistry (Theory)

PHC-401                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

PHYSICAL

1.      Physical Properties and Molecular Constitution

1.1.  Surface and interfacial tension, dielectric constant, dipole moment, refractive index, optical rotation, density, specific gravity, viscosity, molar refraction, parachor.

2.      Ionic Equilibria

2.1.  Modern theory of acids, bases and salts, acid-base equilibria, pH and acidity constants, theory of indicators, buffers and buffered system.

3.      Phase Equilibria

3.1.  Phase rule and its applications to one and two component system.

4.      Electrochemistry

4.1.  Definition: resistance, conductance, specific conductance,

4.2.  Conductivity and its measurement,

4.3.  Conductometric titrations

4.4.  Electrochemical cells

4.5.  Determination of pH and redox potentials

4.6.  Electrophoresis and electrodialysis

5.      Photochemistry

5.1.  Definition

5.2.  Light absorption and excitation of organic compounds

5.3.  Photophysical and photochemical processes

5.4.  Photochemical reactions

5.5.  Photosensitization and photocatalysis

5.6.  Photolysis of medicinal compounds and photostabilization

5.7.  High energy radiations.

6.      Solid and Crystalline State

6.1.  Formation of solids

6.2.  Types of solids

6.3.  Nature of amorphous and crystalline solids

6.4.  Crystal systems

6.5.  Determination of crystal structure

6.6.  Polymorphism.

INORGANIC

1.      Elements

1.1.  Periodic classification of elements general aspects and group properties of each specific class of elements.

2.      Essential and Trace Elements

2.1.  To study the role of essential and trace elements in biological systems and their toxicity.

3.      Radiopharmaceuticals

3.1.  Basic properties, production, quality control, stability, clinical and medicinal applications of radioisotopes used in pharmacy and medicine preparations of diagnostic and therapeutic agents.

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Microbiology – I (Theory)

PHT-403                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      General Microbiology

1.1.  Historical Introduction

1.2.  Scope of Microbiology with special reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences.

1.3.  Nomenclature and classification of Micro-organisms.

1.4.  Organisms:

1.4.1.  The Viruses

1.4.1.1.    Classification and detail of at least one species from every group.

1.4.2.  The Bacteria:

1.4.2.1.    General and cellular Morphology, structure and function.

1.4.2.2.    Classification of Bacteria.

1.4.2.3.    Growth curve, growth factors and growth characteristics.

1.4.2.4.    Nutrition, Requirements and Nutrition factors affecting growth.

1.4.2.5.    Culture Media, Bacterial cultures and staining Methods.

1.4.3.  The Fungi/Yeast/Molds

1.4.4.  The Protozoa

1.4.5.  The Normal Flora: Microbiology of air, water and soil.

2.      Immunology

2.1.  Definitions and cellular basis of Immune response

2.2.  Immunity, autoimmunity and tolerance

2.3.  Antigen, Antibodies

2.4.  Antigen-Antibody reactions and their clinical and diagnostic applications

2.5.  Hypersensitivity and allergy

2.6.  Drug allergy mechanism

2.7.  Graft Reaction

2.8.  Autoimmune Disease

3.      Infections

3.1.  Study of infections caused by following bacterial genera:

3.1.1.     Staphylococcus

3.1.2.     Streptococcus

3.1.3.     Salmonella

3.1.4.     Cholera

3.1.5.     Mycobacterium

3.1.6.     Helicobacter

3.2.  Various Viral infections including Rabbies, Hepatitis, AIDS and other emerging pathogens

3.3.  Rickettsial infections including Leishmania and others

3.4.  Protozoal infections including Malaria and others

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Lab)

PHT-405                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 2

1.      Sterilization of Glassware and pharmaceutical products by various methods.

2.      Preparation of general and selective media and culturing of microorganisms.

3.      Total and viable counts of microorganism. Morphological and selective biochemical characterization of some specimen.

4.      Staining of Bacteria: Gram method, Acid fast, Giemasas staining, Capsule staining, Flagella staining and Spore staining

5.      Microbiological analysis of air, water and soil

6.      Microbiological assays of: Antibiotics and vitamins

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Preparations –II (Theory)

PHT-407                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Transdermal Drug delivery Systems

1.1.     Introduction

1.2.     Ointments

1.3.     Creams

1.4.     Pastes

1.5.     Poultice

1.6.     Plasters

1.7.     Lotions

1.8.     Liniments

1.9.     Topical gels

1.10. Topical Tinctures

1.11. Collodions topical solutions

1.12. Topical Powders

1.13. Percutaneous absorption

1.14. Transdermal systems in use.

2.      Ophthalmic. Nasal and Otic Preparations

2.1.  Ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointment, inserts, contact lens solutions

2.2.  Nasal decongestant solutions, Decongestant inhalers

2.3.  Ear preparations: Anti-infective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic

3.      Suppositories and Vaginal Suppositories

3.1.  Semi-solid Preparations, Suppositories bases, preparation, packaging and storage

3.2.  Solutions/Anemas

4.      Aerosols. Inhalations and Sprays

4.1.           Aerosol: Principle, container and valve assembly, Propellants, filling, testing, packaging, labeling and storage.

5.      Powders. Capsules. Tablet Dosage Forms

5.1.           Preparation of Powders, mixing of powders, uses and packaging of powders, granules, effervescent granulated salts.

5.2.           Hard gelatin capsules, capsule sizes, preparation of filled hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, preparation and its application.

5.3.           Tablets, their types, characteristics and methods of preparation.

6.      Introduction to Parenterals

6.1.           Official types of injections, solvents and vehicles for injections, added substances

7.      A brief introduction to oral hygiene products

8.      Introduction of new dosage forms, drug delivery systems and cosmetology.

Pharmacognosy

General Pharmacognosy (Theory)

PHG-409                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Historical Development and Scope of Pharmacognosy

1.1.  Traditional system of Medicine/medicinal plants

1.2.  Evolution of Modern system of Medicine (History of Modern System of Medicine)

2.      Classification of Crude Drugs with Special Emphasis to Chemical and Therapeutical System of Classification.

3.      Terminologies Used in Pharmacognosy

4.      Preparation of Crude Drugs for Commercial Market, Methods of Cultivation, Drying, Storage, Preservation, Packing. Deterioration and Adulteration of Crude Drugs.

5.      Evaluation of Crude Drugs i.e, Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical Chemical and Biological

6.      The Study of the Crude Drugs Belonging to various Families of Medicinal Importance

6.1.     Ranunculanceae

6.1.1.     Aconitum, Larkspur, Pulsatilla, Hydrastis

6.2.     Papaveraaceae

6.2.1.     PapaverSomniferum, Ssnguinaria, Canadensis

6.3.     Leguminosae

6.3.1.     Acacia, Glycyrrhiza, Senna, Cassia, Tamarind.

6.4.     Umbelliferae

6.4.1.     Fennel, Carum, Coriander, Conium, Asafoetida

6.5.     Apocynaceae

6.5.1.     Rauwolfia, Catharanthus.

6.6.     Solanaceae

6.6.1.     Belladonna, Hycscyamus, Stramonium Capsicum.

6.7.     Scrophulariaceae

6.7.1.     Digitalis, Verbascum (Mullien)

6.8.     Labiatae

6.8.1.     Peppermint, Thyme, Spearmint, Salvia, Ocimiim.

6.9.     Liliaceae

6.9.1.     Garlic, Colchicum, Aloe

6.10. Zingiberaceae

6.10.1.Ginger, Curcuma

7.      Plant Growth Regulators

7.1.  General account with special reference to Auxins, Gibberellins Abscisic acid, Cytokinins and Ethylene.

Pharmacology

General Pharmacology (Theory)

PHL-411                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      General Pharmacology

1.1.  Introduction.

1.1.1.     History.

1.1.2.     Pharmacology and its classification.

1.1.3.     Drugs and their sources.

1.2.  Pharmacokinetics

1.2.1.     Routes of drugs administration.

1.2.1.1.          The merits and demerits of oral, parenteral and topical routes.

1.2.1.2.          The factors influencing the choice of a particular route for drug administration.

1.2.2.     Passage of drug molecules across the cell membranes

1.2.2.1.          Simple diffusion

1.2.2.2.          Carrier mediated diffusion

1.2.2.3.          Carrier mediated exchange diffusion

1.2.2.4.          Active Transport

1.2.2.5.          Phagocytosis

1.2.2.6.          Pinocytosis

1.2.3.     The drug absorption from GIT and other routes into blood and various factors capable to influence the rate and extent of the absorption

1.2.4.     Drug binding to plasma and tissue proteins.

1.2.5.     The distribution of drugs to the tissues and factors capable to modify the rate and extent of the distribution.

1.2.6.     Metabolism of the drugs.

1.2.6.1.          Phase-1 & Phase-11 reactions

1.2.7.     Routes of Drug Excretion.

1.2.7.1.          Excretion through Kidney

1.2.7.2.          Excretion through GIT.

1.2.7.3.          Excretion through Lungs.

1.2.7.4.          Excretion through Skin & Hairs.

1.2.7.5.          Drug Excretion in Milk & its significance.

1.2.8.     Definitions and Explanation of the following terms;

1.2.8.1.          Bioavailability & Bioequivalence.

1.2.8.2.          Plasma Half Life (t_1/2)

1.2.8.3.          Dose-Response Curve

1.2.8.4.          Area Under Curve

1.2.8.5.          Volume of Distribution

1.3.  Pharmacodynamics

1.3.1.     Receptors

1.3.1.1.          Recptor theories

1.3.1.2.          Agonists, Antagonists & Partial Agonists

1.3.1.3.          Antagonism

1.3.1.3.1.    Competitive Antagonism

1.3.1.3.2.    Non-competitive Antagonism

1.3.2.     Mechanisms of drug action

1.3.3.     Specificity of drug action.

1.3.4.     Factors modifying the drug response.

1.3.5.     Anaphylaxis & tolerance

1.4.  Drug Interactions

1.4.1.     Summation

1.4.2.     Potentiation

1.4.3.     Antagonism

1.4.3.1.          Chemical Antagonism

1.4.3.2.          Physiological Antagonism

1.4.3.3.          Antagonism at receptor sites

1.5.  Toxic drug reactions

1.5.1.     Therapeutic Index

1.5.2.     Adverse Drug Reactions

1.5.3.     Carcinogenicity

1.5.4.     Mutagenicity

1.5.5.     Teratogenicity

1.6.  Hypersensitivity (Drug Allergy)

1.7.  Drug Abuse/ Drug Addiction

2.      Drugs Acting On Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

2.1.  Organization of ANS its subdivisions and innervations.

2.2.  Neurotransmitters in ANS, their synthesis, release and fate.

2.3.  Sympathetic agonist drugs.

2.3.1.     Catecholamines

2.3.2.     Non-catecholamines

2.4.  Sympathetic antagonist drugs.

2.4.1.     Anti-adrenergics

2.4.2.     Adrenoceptor antagonists.

2.4.2.1.          Alpha-adrenergic blockers (α₁ & α₂)

2.4.2.2.          Beta-adrenergic blockers (β₁ & β₂)

2.5.  Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) agonists and Cholinestrase inhibitors

2.6.  Parasympathetic antagonists

2.7.  Drugs acting on Ganglia

2.7.1.     Ganglion stimulants

2.7.2.     Ganglion blockers

2.8.  Neuromuscular blocking drugs

Pharmacology

Islamic Learning (Theory)

PHL-413                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

As Per syllabi of B.A/B.Sc. Classes; Approved by the respective University.