Pharm. D. Syllabus (Hamdard University) : Pharm. D. 1st Prof. 2nd Semester

Pharm. D. First Professional

Second Semester

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Biostatistics (Theory)

PHC-302                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      DESCRIPTION OF STATISTICS

1.1.  Descriptive Statistics:

1.1.1.  What is Statistics? Importance of Statistics

1.1.2.  What Is Biostatistics?

1.1.3.  Application of Statistics in Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

1.1.4.  How samples are selected?

2.      ORGANIZING and DISPLAYING DATA

2.1.  Variables: Quantitative and Qualitative Variables

2.2.  Univariate Data, Bivariate Data

2.3.  Random Variables

2.4.  Frequency Table

2.5.  Diagrams, Pictograms, Simple Bar Charts, Multiple Bar Charts, Histograms.

3.      SUMMARIZING DATA and VARIATION

3.1.  The Mean

3.2.  The Median

3.3.  The Mode

3.4.  The Mean Deviation

3.5.  The Variance

3.6.  Standard Deviation

3.7.  Coefficient of Variation

4.      CURVE FITTING

4.1.  Fitting a Straight Line

4.2.  Fitting of Parabolic or High Degree Curve.

5.      PROBABILITY

5.1.  Definitions

5.2.  Probability Rules

5.3.  Probability Distributions (Binomial & Normal Distributions)

6.      SIMPLE REGRESSION AND CORELATION

6.1.  lntroduction

6.2.  Simple Linear Regression Model

6.3.  Correlation Co-efficient

7.      TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND SIGNIFICANCE

7.1.  Statistical Hypothesis

7.2.  Level of Significance

7.3.  Test of Significance

7.4.  Confidence Intervals

7.5.  Test involving Binomial and Normal Distributions

8.      STUDENT "t". "F" and Chi-Square Distributions

8.1.  Test of Significance based on "t", "F" and Chi - Square Distributions

9.      ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

9.1.  One-way Classification

9.2.  Two-way Classification

9.3.  Partitioning of Sum of Squares and Degrees of Freedom

9.4.  Multiple Compression Tests such as LSD

9.5.  The analysis of Variance Models

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Organic Chemistry – II (Theory)

PHC-304                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Stereochemistry: Stereoisomerism, optical isomerism; Molecules with more than one chiral centre, Geometrical isomerism, Resolution of racemic mixture. Conformational analysis.

2.      Free radicals: Introduction, structure and stability, preparation and properties.

3.      General methods of preparations, properties, identification test and pharmaceutical applications of the following classes and their analogs:

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, esters, Amines and Aniline.

4.      Preparation and properties of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds such as: Pyrrol, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Pyrazine.

5.      Preparation and properties of heterocyclic compounds in which benzo-ring is fused with five and six membered ring containing one heteroatom; Indole, Quinoline and Isoquinoline.

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Preparations – I (Theory)

PHT-306                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Introduction

1.1.  Dosage form

1.2.  Ingredients

2.      Pharmaceutical Calculations

2.1.     Some Fundamentals of Measurements and Calculations

2.2.     The Metric System

2.3.     The Common Systems

2.4.     Conversions

2.5.     Calculation of Doses

2.6.     Reducing and Enlarging Formulas

2.7.     Density

2.8.     Specific Gravity & Specific Volume

2.9.     Weights and Volumes of Liquids

2.10. Percentage Preparations

2.11. Isotonic Solutions

2.12. HLB Values

2.13. Industrial Calculations

2.14. Some calculations involving Hydrogen-Ion concentration

3.      Galenical Preparations

3.1.  Infusions

3.2.  Decoctions

3.3.  Extracts

3.4.  Fluid extracts

3.5.  Tinctures

3.6.  Aromatic Waters

4.      Extraction Processes

4.1.  Maceration: Purpose and process

4.2.  Percolation; Purpose and Process

4.3.  Liquid-Liquid extraction

4.4.  Large scale extraction

4.5.  Solvents used in Pharmaceutical Preparations

5.      Oral Solutions. Syrups. Elixirs and Spirits

5.1.  Solutions and their preparation, dry mixtures for solution, oral rehydrate solutions

5.2.  Oral colonic leverage solution.

5.3.  Syrup: components and preparation of Syrups.

5.4.  Elixirs: Preparation of elixirs, medicated and non-medicated elixirs.

6.      Oral Suspensions. Emulsions. Magma and Gels

6.1.  Preparations, Examples, and Importance

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Preparations (Lab)

PHT-308                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 2

1.      Preparation of:

1.1.     Simple syrup

1.2.     Orange syrup

1.3.     Ferrous sulphate syrup

1.4.     Cod- Liver oil Emulsion

1.5.     Liquid paraffin Emulsion

1.6.     Methyl salicylate ointment

1.7.     Sulphur ointment

1.8.     Calamine lotion

1.9.     Iodine tincture

1.10. Throat paint (Mandle's Paint)

1.11. Boroglycerine

1.12. Preparations of oral hygiene products

1.13. Turpentine Liniment

1.14. Tannic acid glycerine

1.15. Spirit ammonia aromatic

1.16. Spirit of Ethyl nitrite

1.17. Poultice of Kaolin

1.18. Effervescent granules

1.19. Distilled Water for injections.

Pharmacology

Pharmaceutical Biochemistry – II (Theory)

PHL-310                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Metabolic fate of Biomolecules (Anabolism and Catabolism)

1.1.  Carbohydrates:

1.1.1.        Introduction to metabolism

1.1.2.        Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates

1.1.3.        Aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of Glucose

1.1.4.        Glycolysis

1.1.5.        Pentose Phosphate Pathway

1.1.6.        Glycogenolysis

1.1.7.        Glycogenesis

1.1.8.        Gluconeogenesis

1.1.9.        Citric acid cycle

1.1.10.   Energetics of various metabolic processes

1.2.  Lipids:

1.2.1.       Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of lipids

1.2.2.       Oxidation of fatty acids through β-oxidation

1.2.3.       Biosynthesis of fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol.

1.3.  Proteins and Amino acids:

1.3.1.       Brief introduction to the digestion and absorption of proteins and amino acids

1.3.2.       Metabolism of essential and non-essential amino acids

1.3.3.       Biosynthesis and catabolism of Haemins and porphyrin compounds.

1.4.  Bioenergetics:

1.4.1.       Principles of bioenergetics

1.4.2.       Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

2.      Regulation of Metabolic Processes

2.1.  Role of Vitamins:

2.1.1.     Physiological role of Fat-soluble (A, D, E and K) and Water-soluble (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, Niacin, Pyridoxal phosphate, Biotin Folic acid. Cyanocobalamin - members of B-complex family - and Ascorbic acid), Coenzymes and their role in the regulation of metabolic processes.

2.2.  Receptor mediated regulation (Hormones):

2.2.1.       Mechanism of action of hormones

2.2.2.       Physiological roles of various hormones

2.2.3.       Site of synthesis and target sites of hormones.

2.3.  Secondary Messengers:

2.3.1.       Role of cAMP, Calcium ions and phosphoinositol in the regulation of metabolic processes.

2.4.  Gene Expression:

2.4.1.       Replication. Transcription and Translation (Gene expression)

2.4.2.       Introduction to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

2.4.3.       Basic principles of Recombinant DNA technology

2.4.4.       Pharmaceutical applications

3.      Balance of Catabolic, Anabolic and Amphibolic processes in human metabolism

3.1.  Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance in Human body.

Pharmacology

Physiology & Histology – II (Theory)

PHL-312                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE

1.1.  Chemical change in Muscle on contraction

1.2.  Action Potential

2.      NERVOUS SYSTEM

2.1.  Spinal reflexes

2.2.  Reflex regulation of movement and posture

2.3.  Cerebral cortex functions

2.4.  Voluntary movements

2.5.  Descending tracts of spinal cord, Basal ganglia, Cerebellum

2.6.  Autonomic Nervous system

2.7.  Thalamus

2.8.  C.S.F.

3.      SKIN

3.1.  Structure

3.2.  Functions of skin

3.3.  Temperature regulation by Skin.

4.      SPECIAL SENSE

4.1.  Elementary knowledge of structure and function of the special senses.

5.      ENDOCRINOLOGY

5.1.  Definition of Hormone

5.2.  Nature of different types of hormone

5.3.  Mechanism of action of hormone.

5.3.1.           Pituitary hormones

5.3.1.1.           Growth Hormone

5.3.1.2.           Prolactin

5.3.1.3.           ACTH

5.3.1.4.           TSH

5.3.1.5.           ADH

5.3.1.6.           Oxytocin

5.3.1.7.           Acromegaly, Giantism, PanHypopituitrism.

5.3.2.           Thyriod Gland

5.3.2.1.           Thyroxin

5.3.2.2.           Tri-iodothyronin

5.3.2.3.           Format and functions of thyroid hormones

5.3.2.4.           Hyperthyroidism. Myxocdene.

5.3.3.           Parathyroid Hormone

5.3.4.           Pancreatic Hormone

5.3.4.1.           Insulin

5.3.4.2.           Glucagon

5.3.4.3.           Diabetes mellitus.

5.3.5.           Adrenal Glands

5.3.5.1.           Mineralocorticoids

5.3.5.2.           Glucocorticoids

5.3.5.3.           Anabolic Steroids

5.3.5.4.           Adrenalin, Nor-adrenalin

5.3.5.5.           Cushing syndrome, Addison disease.

5.3.6.           Sex Hormones

5.3.6.1.           Male Sex Hormone, structure and function

5.3.6.2.           Female Sex Hormone: Structure and function

5.3.6.3.           Male Development of secondary sex characteristics

5.3.6.4.           Spermatogenesis

5.3.6.5.           Composition of semen

5.3.6.6.           Female Development of secondary characters

5.3.6.7.           Menstruation, (Ovarian cycle).

5.3.6.8.           Oogenesis. (Dysmanorrhea, etc.)

HISTOLOGY:

a)     Skin: Types of skin, Derivatives of skin including Nail, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and Hair follicles.

b)     Lymphoid Tissue: General structure of Lymphoid organs: Lymph node, spleen, palatine tonsil and thymus.

c)     Excretory system including Kidney, Ureter, and Urinary bladder.

d)     Reproductive system: Male reproductive organs, (Testes, Genital tract). Female reproductive organs, (Ovary, and female genital tract)

e)     Endocrine system: Pituitary gland, Adrenal gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Endocrine part of pancreas.

Pharmacology

Physiology & Histology (Lab)

PHL-314                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 2

NOTE:- Practicals of the subject shall be designed from time to time on the basis of the theoretical topics and availability of the facilities.

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY

1.      Blood

1.1.  Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb)

1.2.  Determination of E.S.R.

1.3.  R.B.C. Count

1.4.  W.B.C. Count

1.5.  D.L.C. (Differential Leucocyte Count).

1.6.  Bleeding Time

1.7.  Coagulation Time.

1.8.  Blood groups.

2.      Respiration:

2.1.  Estimation of vital capacity and its relation to posture and standard vital capacity

2.2.  Determination of Tidal volume

2.3.  Demonstration of Artificial Respiration

3.      C.V.S.

3.1.  Recording of Arterial Pulse

3.2.  Recording of Arterial Blood Pressure

3.3.  Electro-cardiogram

4.      Eye

4.1.  Visual activity, far vision and near vision.

4.2.  Field of vision (Perimetry)

5.      C.N.S

5.1.  Nerve Muscle Preparation in frog

5.2.  Effect of Temperature on muscle

5.3.  Demonstration of spinal reflexes

HISTOLOGY

1.      Demonstration of the Preparation and staining of slides.

2.      Histological examination of slides : Epithelium, Connective tissue, Muscle Tissue

3.      Organ system - Skin, Spleen, Tonsil, Thymus, Reproductive System, Endocrine System. Lung, appendix, Gall bladder, Stomach, Intestine, Heart, Artery, Vein, Lymphatic, etc.