Pharm. D. Fourth Professional
First Semester
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry – I (Theory)
PHC-601 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry:
1.1. Chemical constitution and biological activity: (Receptor, Theory, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) and Drug Metabolism).
2. Classification of Synthetic Drugs:
2.1. Drug Design and recent appraoches to the synthesis of drugs (a brief concept of methods and reactions of synthesis of various drugs).
3. General Properties, Chemistry (General methods of determination, the structure & isolation from natural source), Biological Action, Structure Activity Relationship And Therapeutic Applications Of The Following:
3.1. Alicyclic Compounds: Cyclopropane, Terpenes, Citral, Pinene, Camphor, Menthol, Carotenes.
3.2. Alkaloids: Atropine, Morphine and related compounds (Codeine, Thebaine), Ergotamine, Reserpine, Ephedrine.
3.3. Vitamins: Water Soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, Folic acid, Nicotinic acid, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Ascorbic acid) Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
3.4. Hormones: Steroidal Hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen, Aldosteron and Cortisol), Proteinous Hormones (Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin and Vassopressin).
Pharmaceutics
Bio-Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics – I(Theory)
PHT-603 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. Definitions and Terminology:
1.1. Biopharmaceutics
1.2. Generic Equivalence
1.3. Bioavailability
1.4. Bioequivalence
1.5. Drug Disposition
1.6. Pharmacokinetics
1.7. Biotransformation
1.8. Therapeutic Equivalents
2. Gastro-intestinal absorption and physico-chemical considerations.
2.1. Forces which help in transmembrane movements
2.2. pH Partition Theory
2.3. Lipid Solubility
2.4. Factors affecting Bioavailability
2.4.1. Physiological Factors
2.4.2. Physico-chemical Factors
2.4.3. Formulation Factors
3. Bioavailability Studies
3.1. Purpose
3.2. Relative and Absolute Bioavailability
3.3. Determination of Bioavailability.
4. Factors affecting dissolution in respect of Bioavailability:
4.1. Methods of in-vitro and in-vivo determination of rate of dissolution.
5. Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic aspects in developing a Dosage Form
6. Protein Binding:
6.1. Determination of plasma protein binding
6.2. Clinical significance of drug-protein binding.
7. Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
7.1. Review of Mathematical Fundamentals
7.2. Rate and order of Reaction
7.3. Concept of Pharmacokinetics
7.4. Determination through plasma drug level studies
Pharmaceutics
Clinical Pharmacy – I (Theory)
PHT-605 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. General Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy:
1.1. Terminology- Basic Components. Scope.
2. Patient Profile:
2.1. Patient disease profile
2.2. Taking case History
2.3. Drug Profile of 25 Drugs: Adrenaline, Aminoglycosides, Anti TB Drugs, Antiepileptics, Atropine. Benzodiazepines, Cepahlosporins, Chlorpheniramine, Cimetidine, Digoxin, Dobutamine, Dopamine, Fluroquinofone, Frusemide, Lactulose, Macrolides, •Metoclopramide, Morphine/Pethedine, Nifedipine, NSAIDS, ORS, Penicillins, Prednisolone, Salbutamol, Vancomycin,
3. Clinical Trials of Drug Substances.
3.1. Designing of clinical trials. Types of trials. Choice of patients. Exclusion of patients. Monitoring a clinical trial.
4. Emergency Treatment
Pharmaceutics
Forensic Pharmacy (Theory)
PHT-607 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. Study of Drug Laws:
1.1. The Drugs Act 1976 and rules framed hereunder.
1.2. Provincial Drug Rules (Respective Drug Rules will be taught in the relevant province)
1.3. Advertisement rules.
1.4. Other related rules and Legal aspects.
2. Pharmacy Act, 1967
3. Dangerous Drugs Act, 1930.
4. Factory Law 1934.
5. Shop and Establishment Ordinance, 1969 with rules.
6. Poisons Act, 1919.
7. Control of Narcotics Substances Act; 1997.
Pharmaceutics
Hospital Pharmacy –I (Theory)
PHT-609 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. Introduction
1.1. Role of Pharmacist in Hospital.
1.2. Minimum standards for pharmacies in institutions/Hospitals
1.3. Research in Hospital Pharmacy.
2. Hospital and its Organization
2.1. Classification of Hospitals.
2.2. Organization Pattern
2.3. Administration
2.4. Clinical Departments
2.5. Nursing, Dietectic, Pathology, Blood Bank, Radiology and other supportive services etc.
2.6. Role of Pharmacy in Hospital
2.7. Hospital Finances.
3. Pharmacy, its Organization and Personnel
3.1. Pharmacy specialist
3.2. Drug information Centre
3.3. Poison Control Centre and Antidote Bank
3.4. Pharmacy Education
3.5. Determining the need of Professional and other departmental staff
3.6. Professional services rendered
4. Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee:
5. The Hospital Formulary
5.1. General Principles and guideline to develop Formulary
5.2. Format
5.3. Preparation of the Formulary & Role of Pharmacist
5.4. Benefits and problems
5.5. Keeping up to date Formulary
5.6. Contraceptives
6. Dispensing to Inpatients
6.1. Methods of Dispensing & S.O.P.'s
6.2. Unit dose dispensing
6.3. Other concepts of dispensing, Satellite Pharmacy etc.
7. Dispensing to Ambulatory Patients
8. Distribution of Control Substances
9. Dispensing during off-hours
10. Safe use of Medication in the Hospital
10.1. Medication error
10.2. Evaluation & Precautions of Medication Error
10.3. Role of Pharmacist in Controlling Medication Error
Pharmaceutics
Industrial Pharmacy – I (Theory)
PHT-611 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. Mixing
1.1. Fundamentals
1.2. Mechanisms
1.3. Mixing Equipment used in Liquid/Liquid, Liquid/Solid and solid/solid-mixing.
1.4. Communition (size reduction), Reasons for size reduction. Factors affecting size reduction, size analysis, Sieving, Energy Mills (Ball mill. End runner. Edge runner. Disintegrant. Colloid mill, Hammer mill. Cutter mill. Fluid energy mill etc.).
2. Drying
2.1. Theories of drying
2.2. Drying of Solids
2.3. Classification of dryers
2.4. General Methods
2.5. Fluidized Bed systems
2.6. Pneumatic systems
2.7. Spray dryer.
2.8. Freeze dying
3. Clarification And Filtration
3.1. Theory
3.2. Filter media
3.3. Filter aids
3.4. Filter selection
3.5. Equipment (Leaf filter, Filter press, Meta filters, Rotary filters).
4. Evaporation:
4.1. General principles of Evaporation
4.2. Evaporators
4.3. Evaporation under reduced pressure
5. Compression and Compaction:
5.1. The solid-air Interface
5.2. Angle of Repose
5.3. Flow rates
5.4. Mass volume relationship
5.5. Density
5.6. Heckel Plots
5.7. Consolidation
5.8. Granulation
5.9. Friability
5.10. Compression (dry method, wet method, slugging)
5.11. Physics of Tabletting, tabletting. machines and other equipment required, problems involved in tabletting, tablet coating,
5.12. Capsulation, hard and soft gelatin capsules.
6. Safety Methods In Pharmaceutical Industry:
6.1. Mechanical, chemical and fire hazards problems.
6.2. Inflammable gases and dusts.
7. Heat Transfer
8. Mass Transfer
Pharmacognosy
Chemical Pharmacognosy – II (Theory)
PHG-613 Cr. Hrs. 3
1. Volatile Oils (Essential Oils)
1.1. Introduction, significance, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification:
1.1.1. Hydrocarbon volatile oils:
1.1.1.1. Cubeb, Terpentine oil
1.1.2. Alcoholic volatile oils:
1.1.2.1. Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
1.1.3. Aldehvdic volatile oils:
1.1.3.1. Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, lemon cinnamon and bitter almond oil.
1.1.4. Ketonic volatile oils:
1.1.4.1. Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu
1.1.5. Phenolic volatile oils:
1.1.5.1. Clove, Thyme.
1.1.6. Phenolic ether volatile oils:
1.1.6.1. Fennel, Anise, Myristica.
1.1.7. Oxide volatile oils:
1.1.7.1. Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
1.1.8. Ester volatile oils: Rosemary
1.1.9. Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.
2. Resins and resin combination:
2.1. Introduction, properties, difference between glycoresins, oleoresins, oleo-gum resins and balsams.
2.1.1. Resins:
2.1.1.1. Rosin, cannabis
2.1.2. Glycoresins:
2.1.2.1. Podophyllum, Jalap, Ipomoea, Colocynth.
2.1.3. Oleoresins:
2.1.3.1. Terpentine, Capsicum, Ginger.
2.1.4. Oleo-gum resins:
2.1.4.1. Asafoetida, Myrrh,
2.1.5. Balsams:
2.1.5.1. Storax, Peruvian Balsam, Tolu Balsam, Benzoin.
3. Alkaloids:
3.1. Introduction, Properties, classification, Function of alkaloids in plants, Methods of extraction and identification tests:
3.1.1. Pyridine- Piperidine Alkaloids:
3.1.1.1. Areca nut, Lobelia, Tobacco.
3.1.2. Tropane Alkaloids:
3.1.2.1. Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium.
3.1.3. Quinoline Alkaloids:
3.1.3.1. Cinchona.
3.1.4. Isogulnoline Alkaloids:
3.1.4.1. Ipecacuanha. Opium.
3.1.5. Indole alkaloids:
3.1.5.1. Rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux vomica, physostigma, ergot,
3.1.6. Imidazole alkaloids:
3.1.6.1. PiiocarpLfs.
3.1.7. Steroidal alkaloids:
3.1.7.1. Veratrum.
3.1.8. Atkaloidal amines:
3.1.8.1. Ephedra, colchicum.
3.1.9. Purine Bases:
3.1.9.1. Tea, Coffee.
4. Tumour Inhibitors From Plant
4.1. Detailed study of various antitumour agents isolated from plants.
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