Pharm. D. 4th Prof. 2nd Semester : Pharm. D. Syllabus (Hamdard University)

Pharm. D. Fourth Professional

Second Semester

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Medicinal Chemistry – II (Theory)

PHC-602                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      General Properties, Chemistry, Biological Action, Structure Activity Relationship and Therapeutic Applications of the Following:

1.1.  Anti-septics:

1.1.1.     Phenols and related compounds

1.1.2.     Halogens and Halogen compounds

1.1.3.     Aromatic acid and esters

1.1.4.     Dyes

1.1.5.     Nitrofuran derivatives

1.1.6.     Formaldehyde and its derivatives

1.1.7.     Mercurochrome and Thiomersal.

1.2.  Sulphonamides:

1.2.1.     Prontosil

1.2.2.     Sulphanilamide

1.2.3.     Sulphapyridine

1.2.4.     Sulphadimidine

1.2.5.     Sulfamethoxazole

1.2.6.     Sulfadiazine

1.2.7.     Sulfafurazole.

1.3.  Antimalarials:

1.3.1.     4-Aminoquinolines,

1.3.2.     8-Aminoquinolines,

1.3.3.     9-Amino acridines,

1.3.4.     Biguanides,

1.3.5.     Pyrimidine analogues,

1.3.6.     Mefloquine

1.3.7.     Cinchoha alkaloids.

1.4.  Anthelmintics:

1.4.1.     Phenols and related compounds,

1.4.2.     Piperazine derivatives,

1.4.3.     Thiabendazole,

1.4.4.     Mebendazole

1.4.5.     Pyrantal.

1.5.  Diuretics:

1.5.1.     Mercaptomerin,

1.5.2.     Meralluride,

1.5.3.     Thiazides,

1.5.4.     Sprironolactone,

1.5.5.     Theophylline,

1.5.6.     Furosemide,

1.5.7.     Acetazolamiode,

1.5.8.     Ethacrynic acid

1.5.9.     Triameterene.

2.      Antibiotics:

2.1.  Penicillins

2.2.  Cephalosporins

2.3.  Streptomycin

2.4.  Chloramphenicol

2.5.  Tetracyclines

2.6.  Kanamycin

2.7.  Erythromycin.

3.      Occurance, Properties, Preparation and Application of Official Inorganic Compounds:

3.1.1.     Aluminium Hydroxide

3.1.2.     Ammonium Chloride

3.1.3.     Sodium Carbonate

3.1.4.     Magnesium Carbonate

3.1.5.     Lithium Carbonate

3.1.6.     Sodium Nitrite

3.1.7.     Calcium Gluconate

3.1.8.     Antimony Gluconate

3.1.9.     Ferrous Fumarate

3.1.10.Ferrous Sulfate

3.1.11.Silver Nitrate.

Pharmaceutics

Bio-Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics – II(Theory)

PHT-604                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Concept of Compartment(s) Models:

1.1.  One compartment open model

1.2.  Two compartment open model

1.3.  Three compartment open model

1.4.  Non- compartmental method of analysis.

2.      Biological Half-life and volume of Distribution:

2.1.  Concept

2.2.  Methods of Determination.

3.      Drug Clearance:

3.1.  Mechanism

3.2.  Determination and relationship of clearance with half-life.

4.      Elimination of Drugs:

4.1.  Hepatic Elimination

4.2.  Percent of Drug Metabolized

4.3.  Drug Biotransformation reactions. (Phase I reactions and phase II reactions). First pass effect. Hepatic clearance of protein bound drugs. Biliary excretion of drugs.

4.4.  Renal Excretion of Drugs: Renal clearance. Tubular Secretion. Tubular Reabsorption.

4.5.  Elimination of Drugs through other organs: pulmonary excretion. Salivary excretion. Mammary excretion. Skin excretion. Genital excretion.

5.      Intravenous Infusions

6.      Multiple Dosage Regemin

7.      Applications of Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability In Clinical Situations

8.      Applications of Pharmacokinetics in Disease States

Pharmaceutics

Clinical Pharmacy – II (Theory)

PHT-606                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Drug Interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions:

1.1.  Drug Interactions; Mechanism- Physiological factors affecting interaction- Types and level of drug interactions. Role of pharmacist in evaluating drug interactions & its management.

2.      Adverse Drug Reactions

2.1.  Adverse Drug Reactions and Side Effects: Classification, Excessive pharmacological response, Idiosyncrasy, Secondary pharmacological effects, Allergic drug reactions, General toxicity, Toxicity following drug withdrawal, Detection, reporting & Management of ADR.

3.      Drug Induced Diseases

4.      Computers in Clinical Pharmacy:

5.      Utilization of Clinical Drug Literature:

5.1.  Introduction. Drug literature selection. Drug literature evaluation. Drug literature communication.

Pharmaceutics

Hospital Pharmacy – II (Theory)

PHT-608                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Manufacturing Bulk and Sterile

2.      The Pharmacy-Central Sterile Supply Room

3.      Aseptic Dispensing

3.1.  TPN

3.2.  1/V Admixtures

3.3.  Cytotoxic Dispensing

3.4.  Semi-sterile Dispensing (eye drops, ear drops)

3.5.  Hyperailimentation

4.      Role of Pharmacists in small Hospitals. Nursing homes etc.

5.      Purchasing. Distribution and Control of Hospital Medicines. Medical & Surgical Supplies

5.1.  Purchasing

5.2.  Stocking, Stock Control and Inventory Management

5.3.  Drug Distribution

5.4.  Relationship between purchasing, Distribution and Clinical Pharmacy Services.

6.      Nuclear Pharmacy

7.      The Physical Plant and Its Equipment

8.      Investigational Use of Drugs

9.      Health Accessories

10. Surgical Supplies

11. Inspection of wards with reference to Drug Storage and Administration

12. Management of Accident & Emergency Pharmacy (A & E)

13. Common Knowledge of about 100 Drugs Registered by Ministry of Health. Government of Pakistan

Pharmaceutics

Industrial Pharmacy – II (Theory)

PHT-610                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Emulsions

1.1.  Mechanical Equipment

1.2.  Specific formulation Considerations

1.3.  Emulsion stability

2.      Suspensions:

2.1.  Formulation of suspensions

2.2.  Equipment used in preparation.

2.3.  Test methods for pharmaceutical suspensions

3.      Semisolids:

3.1.  Equipment used for Ointments, Pastes, Gels and Jellies

3.2.  Packaging of ointments

4.      Sterile Products:

4.1.   Sterile area and its Classification

4.2.  Ophthalmic ointments

4.3.  Preparation of parenterals (Building, Equipment)

4.4.  Complete Sterility (Aseptic area), air control, (Laminar flow etc.), air locks, Environmental monitoring methods, Sterilization.

4.5.  Filling/Packaging (Plastic and glass containers)

4.6.  Added substances (Preservatives, antioxidants, solubilizer, suspending agents, buffers, stabilizers etc.)

4.7.  In process Quality Control of Parenterals (Sterility, leakage, pyrogens, clarity etc)

5.      Standardization Of Pharmaceuticals:

5.1.           An understanding of quality assurance system adopted in pharmaceutical industry.

5.2.           Good Manufacturing Practices and Current Good Manufacturing Practices

6.      Packing & Packaging

6.1.           Influence of Packaging materials

6.2.           Stability

6.3.           Packaging Lines

6.4.           Packaging Area

6.5.           Packaging Equipment

7.      Equipments Used For

7.1.           Patches

7.2.           Sutures

7.3.           Sprays

7.4.           Plasters

7.5.           Implants

7.6.           Sachet packing

8.      STUDY TOUR:

8.1.           A visit to the pharmaceutical industries will be an integral part of the syllabi.

Pharmaceutics

Industrial Pharmacy (Lab)

PHT-612                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 2

1.      Manufacture of Tablets by

1.1.  Wet Granulation Method.

1.2.  Manufacture of Tablets by Slugging

1.3.  Manufacture of Tablets by Direct Compression

2.      Coating of Tablets

2.1.  Sugar Coating

2.2.  Film coating.

2.3.  Enteric Coating

3.      Clarification of liquids by various processes.

4.      Size Reduction. Homogenization.

5.      Ampoule filling, sealing and sterilization clarity and leakage tests in injectables.

6.      Capsule filling by semi automatic machines.

7.      Manufacture of sustained action drugs.

8.      Tablets Tests:

8.1.  Disintegration. Dissolution. Friability. Hardness and thickness tests. Determination of weight variation in tablets. Density of powder. Particle size analysis.

Pharmaceutics

Pharmaceutical Quality Control – I(Theory)

PHT-614                                                                                                                      Cr. Hrs. 3

1.      Scope

1.1.  An understanding of the testing, quality control programme and methods adopted in a pharmaceutical industry, dosage form control, process control, testing program and methods, physical, chemical and biological tests and specifications, statitical quality control.

1.2.  General understanding of Total Quality Assurance and measures to adopt Quality Assurance.

2.      Quality Control of Solid Dosage Forms:

2.1.  Physical tests:

2.1.1.     Hardness, Thickness, Diameter, Friability, Disintegration, Weight Variation

2.2.  Chemical tests:

2.2.1.     Content uniformity, Assay of active ingredients and dissolution tests of Powders, Granules, Tablets and Capsules.

3.      Quality Control of Syrups and Elixirs:

3.1.  Viscosity, its determiantion and application in the Quality Control of Pharmaceuticals, Weight per ml and Assay of active ingredients.

4.      Evaluation of Sustained Action Products (Tablets & Capsules):

4.1.  Stability of viability rate during storage and In-vitro & In-vivo evaluation of sustaining action.

5.      Quality Control of Suppositories

5.1.  Disintegration test, Uniformity of weight, Assay of active ingredients, Liqefaction time test and Breaking test.

6.      Quality Control of Sterile Products (Parenterals)

6.1.  Leaker’s test, Clarity test, Pyrogen test for parenterals and other sterile preparations and Assay for active ingredients.

7.      General Knowledge of Appendices Attached to B.P., BPC, and USP.

8.      Statistical Interpretation of Quality Control Charts During Manufacturing Processes.